Sir Paul Gavrilovitch Vinogradoff (russian: Па́вел Гаври́лович Виногра́дов, transliterated: ''Pavel Gavrilovich Vinogradov''; 18 November 1854 (O.S.)19 December 1925) was a Russian and British

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the stu ...

and

medievalist The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often voc ...

Early life

Vinogradoff was born in

Kostroma Kostroma ( rus, Кострома́, p=kəstrɐˈma) is a historic city and the administrative center of Kostroma Oblast, Russia. A part of the Golden Ring of Russian cities, it is located at the confluence of the rivers Volga and Kostroma. Popu ...

and was educated at the local gymnasium and

Moscow University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...

, where he studied history under

Vasily Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky (russian: Василий Осипович Ключевский; in Voskresnskoye Village, Penza Governorate, Russia – , Moscow) was a leading Russian Imperial historian of the late imperial period. Also, he addres ...

. After graduating in 1875, he obtained a scholarship to continue his studies in

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

, where he studied under

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th cent ...

and

Heinrich Brunner Heinrich Brunner ( en, Henry Brunner; 21 June 1840 – 11 August 1915) was a German historian. Life Brunner was born at Wels in Upper Austria. After studying at the universities of Vienna, Göttingen and Berlin, he became professor at the Un ...

Career

Vinogradoff became professor of history at the

University of Moscow M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU; russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова) is a public research university in Moscow, Russia and the most prestigious ...

, but his zeal for the spread of education brought him into conflict with the authorities, and consequently he was obliged to leave Russia. Having settled in England, Vinogradoff brought a powerful and original mind to bear upon the social and economic conditions of early England, a subject which he had already begun to study in Moscow. Vinogradoff visited Britain for the first time in 1883, working on records in the Public Records Office and meeting leading English scholars such as

Sir Henry Maine Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, (15 August 1822 – 3 February 1888), was a British Whig comparative jurisprudence, comparative jurist and historian. He is famous for the thesis outlined in his book ''Ancient Law'' that law and society developed ...

and Sir Frederick Pollock. He also met

Frederic William Maitland Frederic William Maitland (28 May 1850 – ) was an English historian and lawyer who is regarded as the modern father of English legal history. Early life and education, 1850–72 Frederic William Maitland was born at 53 Guilford Street, Lon ...

, who was heavily influenced by their meeting. Vinogradoff was elected a member of the

American Antiquarian Society The American Antiquarian Society (AAS), located in Worcester, Massachusetts, is both a learned society and a national research library of pre-twentieth-century American history and culture. Founded in 1812, it is the oldest historical society in ...

in 1897. In 1903 he was elected to the position of

Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence The position of Professor of Jurisprudence (originally the Corpus Professor of Jurisprudence) at the University of Oxford, England, was created in 1869. The holders of the position have been: * Sir Henry Maine 1869–77 * Sir Frederick Pollock 1 ...

at the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

, and held this position until he died in 1925. He was elected a Fellow of the

British Academy The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established in 1902 and received its royal charter in the same year. It is now a fellowship of more than 1,000 leading scholars span ...

in 1905. He received honorary degrees from the principal universities (including D.C.L. from the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

in October 1902, in connection with the tercentenary of the

Bodleian Library The Bodleian Library () is the main research library of the University of Oxford, and is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It derives its name from its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. With over 13 million printed items, it is the second- ...

.), was made a member of several foreign academies and was appointed honorary professor of

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...

at Moscow. Upon the death of Maitland, Vinogradoff became the literary director of the

Selden Society The Selden Society is a learned society and registered charity concerned with the study of English legal history. It functions primarily as a text publication society, but also undertakes other activities to promote scholarship within its sphere ...

with Sir Frederick Pollock, a position he held until 1920. During

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

he gave valuable assistance to the British Foreign Office in connection with Russian affairs. Vinogradoff was

knighted A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the Christian denomination, church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood ...

in 1917, and he and his children were

naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the in ...

British subject The term "British subject" has several different meanings depending on the time period. Before 1949, it referred to almost all subjects of the British Empire (including the United Kingdom, Dominions, and colonies, but excluding protectorates ...

s in 1918. In 1925, Vinogradoff traveled to

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

to receive an honorary degree; while in Paris, he developed

pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severity ...

and died there on 19 December.

Books

According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, published in 1911, Vinogradoff's ''Villainage in England'' (1892) was "perhaps the most important book written on the peasantry of the

feudal Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was the combination of the legal, economic, military, cultural and political customs that flourished in Middle Ages, medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a wa ...

age and the village community in England; it can only be compared for value with

FW Maitland Frederic William Maitland (28 May 1850 – ) was an English historian and lawyer who is regarded as the modern father of English legal history. Early life and education, 1850–72 Frederic William Maitland was born at 53 Guilford Street, Lon ...

's ''

Domesday Book Domesday Book () – the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book" – is a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William I, known as William the Conqueror. The manusc ...

and Beyond''. In masterly fashion Vinogradoff here shows that the

villein A villein, otherwise known as ''cottar'' or ''crofter'', is a serf tied to the land in the feudal system. Villeins had more rights and social status than those in slavery, but were under a number of legal restrictions which differentiated them ...

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

times was the direct descendant of the

Anglo-Saxon The Anglo-Saxons were a Cultural identity, cultural group who inhabited England in the Early Middle Ages. They traced their origins to settlers who came to Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th century. However, the ethnogenesis of the Anglo- ...

freeman, and that the typical Anglo-Saxon settlement was a free community, not a manor, the position of the freeman having steadily deteriorated in the centuries just around the

Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, Breton, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conque ...

. The status of the villein and the conditions of the manor in the 12th and 13th centuries are set forth with a legal precision and a wealth of detail which shows its author, not only as a very capable historian, but also as a brilliant and learned jurist." The article considered that almost equally valuable was Vinogradoff's essay on “Folkland” in vol. viii. of the ''English Historical Review'' (1893), which proved for the first time the real nature of this kind of land. Vinogradoff followed up his ''Villainage in England'' with ''The Growth of the Manor'' (1905) and ''English Society in the Eleventh Century'' (1908), works on the lines of his earlier book. In ''Outlines in Historical Jurisprudence'' (1920–22), Vinogradoff traces the development of basic themes of jurisprudence, including marriage, property, and succession, in six different types of society: the totemistic, the tribal, the ancient city state, the medieval system of feudalism and canon law, and modern industrial society.Vinogradoff planned the work to be in at least three volumes, as Vol. III, centered around "The Mediaeval Jurisprudence of Western Christendom", was listed as "in preparation" in the opening of Vol. II.

Works

* ''The Origins of Feudal Relations in Lombard Italy,'' 1880.
''Villainage in England,''
Clarendon Press, ubl. 1887; trans. to English 1892
''The Teaching of Sir Henry Maine: An Inaugural Lecture,''
Henry Frowde, 1904.
''The Growth of the Manor,''
George Allen & Company, 1911

st Pub. 1905 ST, St, or St. may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Stanza, in poetry * Suicidal Tendencies, an American heavy metal/hardcore punk band * Star Trek, a science-fiction media franchise * Summa Theologica, a compendium of Catholic philosophy ...

''English Society in the Eleventh Century,''
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
''Roman Law in Medieval Europe,''
Harper & Brothers, 1909.
''Essays in Legal History Read Before the International Congress of Historical Studies, held in London in 1913,''
Oxford University Press, 1913.
''Common-sense in Law,''
H. Holt and Company, 1914.
''Self-government in Russia,''
Constable, 1915.
''Outlines in Historical Jurisprudence (Introduction and Tribal Law),''
Oxford University Press, 1920.
''Outlines in Historical Jurisprudence (The Jurisprudence of the Greek City),''
Oxford University Press, 1922. * ''Custom and Right,'' H. Aschehoug & Co., 1925. * ''The Collected Papers of Paul Vinogradoff,'' 2 Vol., Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1928.

Other

"The Reforming Work of Tzar Alexander II."
In Kirkpatrick, F. A., ''Lectures on the History of the Nineteenth Century,'' Cambridge University Press, 1902.
"Social and Economic Conditions of the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century."
In Gwatkin, H. M. ''The Cambridge Medieval History,'' Vol. I, The MacMillan Company, 1911.
"Foundations of Society (Origins of Feudalism)."
In Gwatkin, H. H. ''The Cambridge Medieval History,'' Vol. II, The MacMillan Company, 1913.
"Russian Culture."
In Bingham, Alfred. ''Handbook of the European War,'' Vol. II, H. W. Wilson Company, 1914.
"Russia: The Psychology of a Nation,"
''Oxford Pamphlets,'' Oxford University Press, 1914.
''The Russian Problem,''
George H. Doran Co., 1914.
"The Task of Russia."
In Stephens, Winifred. ''The Soul of Russia,'' Macmillan & Co., 1916.
"Magna Carta, C. 39. Nullus Liber Homo, etc."
In Malden, Henry Elliot. ''Magna Carta Commemoration Essays,'' Royal Historical Society, 1917.
"The Situation in Russia."
In ''The Reconstruction of Russia,'' Oxford University Press, 1919.
"Introduction."
In Hübner, Rudolf. ''A History of Germanic Private Law,'' Little, Brown & Company, 1918.
"The Work of Rome."
In Marvin, F. S. ''The Evolution of Peace,'' Oxford University Press, 1921.

As editor

''Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History,''
Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1914.

Articles

"The Customs of Ragusa,"
''The Law Quarterly Review,'' Vol. XXI, 1905.
"Magna Carta,"
''The Law Quarterly Review,'' Vol. XXI, 1905.
"A Constitutional History of Hungary,"
''The Law Quarterly Review,'' Vol. XXI, 1905.
"Transfer of Land in Old English Law,"
''The Harvard Law Review,'' Vol. 20, No. 7, May, 1907.
"Aristotle on Legal Redress,"
''Columbia Law Review,'' Vol. 8, No. 7, Nov., 1908.
"The Crisis of Modern Jurisprudence,"
''The Yale Law Journal,'' Vol. 29, No. 3, Jan., 1920.
"The Meaning of Legal History,"
''Columbia Law Review,'' Vol. 22, No. 8, Dec., 1922.

Notes

References

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External links

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a
McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought
* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Vinogradoff, Paul 19th-century historians from the Russian Empire Russian medievalists Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925) Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1854 births 1925 deaths Anglo-Saxon studies scholars Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom Professors of Jurisprudence (University of Oxford) Knights Bachelor Fellows of the British Academy 20th-century British historians Legal historians British medievalists Members of the American Antiquarian Society Professorships at the Imperial Moscow University Deaths from pneumonia in France Imperial Moscow University alumni